Extending the Database Relational Model to Capture More Meaning.
E. F. Codd:
Extending the Database Relational Model to Capture More Meaning.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 4(4): 397-434(1979)@article{DBLP:journals/tods/Codd79,
author = {E. F. Codd},
title = {Extending the Database Relational Model to Capture More Meaning},
journal = {ACM Trans. Database Syst.},
volume = {4},
number = {4},
year = {1979},
pages = {397-434},
ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/320107.320109, db/journals/tods/Codd79.html},
bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
}
BibTeX
Abstract
During the last three or four years several investigators have been exploring
"semantic models" for formatted databases. The intent is to capture (in a more or less
formal way) more of the meaning of the data so that database design can become more
systematic and the database system itself can behave more intelligently.
Two major thrusts are clear:
- the search for meaningful units that are as small as possible - atomic semantics;
- the search for meaningful units that are larger than the usual n-ary relation -
molecular semantics.
In this paper we propose extensions to the relational model to support certain atomic
and molecular semantics. These extensions represent a synthesis of many ideas from the
published work in semantic modeling plus the introduction of new rules for insertion,
update, and deletion, as well as new algebraic operators.
Copyright © 1979 by the ACM,
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BibTeX
Conference Abstract
E. F. Codd:
Extending the Data Base Relational Model to Capture More Meaning (Abstract).
SIGMOD Conference 1979: 161 BibTeX
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- Malcolm P. Atkinson, Peter Buneman:
Types and Persistence in Database Programming Languages.
ACM Comput. Surv. 19(2): 105-190(1987)
- Ingrid M. Walter, Peter C. Lockemann, Hans-Hellmut Nagel:
Database Support for Knowledge-Based Image Evaluation.
VLDB 1987: 3-11
- Umeshwar Dayal:
Of Nests and Trees: A Unified Approach to Processing Queries That Contain Nested Subqueries, Aggregates, and Quantifiers.
VLDB 1987: 197-208
- Richard Cooper, Malcolm P. Atkinson, Alan Dearle, D. Abderrahmane:
Constructing Database Systems in a Persistent Environment.
VLDB 1987: 117-125
- W. Bradley Rubenstein:
A Database Design for Musical Information.
SIGMOD Conference 1987: 479-490
- Brian A. Nixon, Lawrence Chung, David Lauzon, Alexander Borgida, John Mylopoulos, Martin Stanley:
Implementation of a Compiler for a Semantic Data Model: Experiences with Taxis.
SIGMOD Conference 1987: 118-131
- Bruce G. Lindsay, John McPherson, Hamid Pirahesh:
A Data Management Extension Architecture.
SIGMOD Conference 1987: 220-226
- Richard A. Ganski, Harry K. T. Wong:
Optimization of Nested SQL Queries Revisited.
SIGMOD Conference 1987: 23-33
- Serge Abiteboul, Paris C. Kanellakis, Gösta Grahne:
On the Representation and Querying of Sets of Possible Worlds.
SIGMOD Conference 1987: 34-48
- Hans Janssens:
A Theory of Reference Graphs in Relational Databases.
MFDBS 1987: 159-180
- Susan Darling Urban, Lois M. L. Delcambre:
Perspectives of a Semantic Schema.
ICDE 1987: 485-492
- Mimi Kao, Nick Cercone, Wo-Shun Luk:
What do you mean ``Null''? Turning Null Responses into Quality Responses.
ICDE 1987: 356-364
- Hyunchul Kang, Nick Roussopoulos:
Using 2-way Semijoins in Distributed Query Processing.
ICDE 1987: 644-651
- Cheng Hsu, Alvaro Perry, M'hamed Bouziane, Waiman Cheung:
TSER: A Data Modeling System Using the Two-Stage Entity-Relationship Approach.
ER 1987: 497-514
- Paul C. Gilmore:
A Foundation for the Entity Relationship Approach: How and Why.
ER 1987: 95-113
- Kathi Hogshead Davis, Adarsh K. Arora:
Converting A Relational Database Model into an Entity-Relationship Model.
ER 1987: 271-285
- Christopher N. G. Dampney:
Specifying a Semantically Adequate Structure for Information Systems and Databases.
ER 1987: 165-188
- Bogdan D. Czejdo, David W. Embley:
An Approach to Computation Specification for an Entity-Relationship Query Language.
ER 1987: 337-352
- Michael Caruso, Edward Sciore:
The Vision Object-Oriented Database Management System.
DBPL 1987: 147-163
- Haim Mendelson, Aditya N. Saharia:
Incomplete Information Costs and Database Design.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 11(2): 159-185(1986)
- Gad Ariav:
A Temporally Oriented Data Model.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 11(4): 499-527(1986)
- Yosihisa Udagawa, Tetsuo Mizoguchi:
An Extended Relational Database System and It's Application to Management of Logic Diagrama.
VLDB 1986: 267-277
- Peter Pistor, F. Andersen:
Designing A Generalized NF2 Model with an SQL-Type Language Interface.
VLDB 1986: 278-285
- Michel E. Adiba, N. Bui Quang:
Historical Multi-Media Databases.
VLDB 1986: 63-70
- Johann A. Makowsky, Victor M. Markowitz, Nimrod Rotics:
Entity-Relationship Consistency for Relational Schemas.
ICDT 1986: 306-322
- Arie Zvieli, Peter P. Chen:
Entity-Relationship Modeling and Fuzzy Databases.
ICDE 1986: 320-327
- Susan Darling Urban, Lois M. L. Delcambre:
An Analysis of the Structural, Dynamic, and Temporal Aspects of Semantic Data Models.
ICDE 1986: 382-389
- Fèlix Saltor:
On the Power to Derive External Schemata from the Database Schema.
ICDE 1986: 638-645
- Heikki Mannila, Kari-Jouko Räihä:
Inclusion Dependencies in Database Design.
ICDE 1986: 713-718
- Witold Litwin, Ph. Vigier:
Dynamic Attributes in the Multidatabase System MRDSM.
ICDE 1986: 103-110
- Eric Dubois, Jacques Hagelstein, Eugene Lahou, André Rifaut, Fiona Williams:
A Data Model for Requirements Analysis.
ICDE 1986: 646-653
- Yuri Breitbart, Peter L. Olson, Glenn R. Thompson:
Database Integration in a Distributed Heterogeneous Database System.
ICDE 1986: 301-310
- Udo W. Lipeck, Karl Neumann:
Modelling and Manipulating Objects in Geoscientific Databases.
ER 1986: 67-85
- Johann Eder, Gerti Kappel, A. Min Tjoa, Roland Wagner:
BIER - The Behaviour Integrated Entity Realtionship Approach.
ER 1986: 147-166
- Lynette I. Brady, Christopher N. G. Dampney:
The Semantics of Relational Database Functions.
ER 1986: 287-302
- Nabiha Azar, Etienne Pichat:
Translation of an Extended Entity-Relationship Model into the Universal Relation with Inclusions Formalism.
ER 1986: 253-268
- Michel E. Adiba:
Modeling Complex Objects for Multimedia Databases.
ER 1986: 89-117
- Domenico Saccà, Gio Wiederhold:
Database Partitioning in a Cluster of Processors.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 10(1): 29-56(1985)
- Don S. Batory, Won Kim:
Modeling Concepts for VLSI CAD Objects.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 10(3): 322-346(1985)
- Marian S. Furman:
An Efficient Implementation of a Relational Data Base.
VLDB 1985: 181-191
- Mokrane Bouzeghoub, Georges Gardarin, Elisabeth Métais:
Database Design Tools: An Expert System Approach.
VLDB 1985: 82-95
- Serge Abiteboul, Gösta Grahne:
Update Semantics for Incomplete Databases.
VLDB 1985: 1-12
- Richard T. Snodgrass, Ilsoo Ahn:
A Taxonomy of Time in Databases.
SIGMOD Conference 1985: 236-246
- Gabriel M. Kuper, Moshe Y. Vardi:
On the Expressive Power of the Logical Data Model (Preliminary Report).
SIGMOD Conference 1985: 180-187
- David Chenho Kung:
On Verification of Database Temporal Constraints.
SIGMOD Conference 1985: 169-179
- Kenneth J. Goldman, Sally A. Goldman, Paris C. Kanellakis, Stanley B. Zdonik:
ISIS: Interface for a Semantic Information System.
SIGMOD Conference 1985: 328-342
- George P. Copeland, Setrag Khoshafian:
A Decomposition Storage Model.
SIGMOD Conference 1985: 268-279
- James Clifford, Abdullah Uz Tansel:
On An Algebra For Historical Relational Databases: Two Views.
SIGMOD Conference 1985: 247-265
- Malcolm P. Atkinson, Peter Buneman, Ronald Morrison (Eds.):
Data Types and Persistence. Edited Papers from the Proceedings of the First Workshop on Persistent Objects, Appin, Scotland, August 1985.
Topics in Information Systems Springer 1988, ISBN 3-540-18785-5
Contents - Gultekin Özsoyoglu, Victor Matos:
On Optimizing Summary-Table-by-Example Queries.
PODS 1985: 38-50
- Scott M. Staley, David C. Anderson:
Executable E-R Specifications for Database Schema Design.
ER 1985: 160-169
- Xiaolei Qian, Gio Wiederhold:
Data Definition Facilities of Critias.
ER 1985: 46-55
- P. S. Neuman:
The Data Model of IDE: A Value Network.
ER 1985: 246-255
- Asuman Dogac, Peter P. Chen, N. Erol:
The Design and Implementation of an Integrity Subsystem for the Relational DBMS RAP.
ER 1985: 295-302
- Douglas M. Campbell, David W. Embley, Bogdan D. Czejdo:
A Relationally Complete Query Language for an Entity-Relationship Model.
ER 1985: 90-97
- Lynette I. Brady:
A Universal Relation Assumption Based on Entities and Relationships.
ER 1985: 208-215
- Hervé Gallaire, Jack Minker, Jean-Marie Nicolas:
Logic and Databases: A Deductive Approach.
ACM Comput. Surv. 16(2): 153-185(1984)
- Arnon Rosenthal, David S. Reiner:
Extending the Algebraic Framework of Query Processing to Handle Outerjoins.
VLDB 1984: 334-343
- Winfried Lamersdorf, G. Müller, Joachim W. Schmidt:
Language Support for Office Modelling.
VLDB 1984: 280-288
- Isamu Kobayashi:
A Data Manipulation Model: An Extension of the Alpha Expression.
VLDB 1984: 57-62
- David Goldhirsch, Laura Yedwab:
Processing Read-Only Queries Over Views With Generalization.
VLDB 1984: 344-348
- Don S. Batory, Alejandro P. Buchmann:
Molecular Objects, Abstract Data Types, and Data Models: A Framework.
VLDB 1984: 172-184
- Shalom Tsur, Carlo Zaniolo:
An Implementation of GEM - Supporting a Semantic Data Model on a Relational Back-End.
SIGMOD Conference 1984: 286-295
- Allan Shepherd, Larry Kerschberg:
PRISM: A Knowledge Based System for Semantic Integrity Specification and Enforcement in Database Systems.
SIGMOD Conference 1984: 307-315
- Vincent Y. Lum, Peter Dadam, R. Erbe, Jürgen Günauer, Peter Pistor, Georg Walch, H. Werner, John Woodfill:
Designing DBMS Support for the Temporal Dimension.
SIGMOD Conference 1984: 115-130
- George P. Copeland, David Maier:
Making Smalltalk a Database System.
SIGMOD Conference 1984: 316-325
- Richard T. Snodgrass:
The Temporal Query Language TQuel.
PODS 1984: 204-213
- Gabriel M. Kuper, Moshe Y. Vardi:
A New Approach to Database Logic.
PODS 1984: 86-96
- Hai-Yann Hwang, Umeshwar Dayal, Mohamed G. Gouda:
Using Semiouterjoins to Process Queries in Multidatabase Systems.
PODS 1984: 153-162
- Stavros S. Cosmadakis, Paris C. Kanellakis:
Functional and Inclusion Dependencies: A Graph Theoretic Approach.
PODS 1984: 29-37
- Serge Abiteboul, Richard Hull:
IFO: A Formal Semantic Database Model.
PODS 1984: 119-132
- Hartmut Wedekind:
Supporting the Design of Conceptual Schemata by Database Systems.
ICDE 1984: 434-438
- Yosihisa Udagawa, Tetsuo Mizoguchi:
An Advanced Database System ADAM - Towards Integrated Management of Engineering Data.
ICDE 1984: 3-11
- Kazuo Sugihara, Jun'ichi Miyao, Tohru Kikuno, Noriyoshi Yoshida:
A Semantic Approach to Usability in Relational Database Systems.
ICDE 1984: 203-210
- Michael Schrefl, A. Min Tjoa, Roland Wagner:
Comparison-Criteria for Semantic Data Models.
ICDE 1984: 120-125
- Karen L. Ruoff:
Practical Application of IDEF1 as a Database Development Tool.
ICDE 1984: 408-415
- Witold Litwin:
MALPHA: A Relational Multidatabase Manipulation Language.
ICDE 1984: 86-93
- Winfried Lamersdorf:
Recursive Data Models for Non-Conventional Database Applications.
ICDE 1984: 143-150
- Arthur M. Keller, Marianne Winslett:
Approaches for Updating Databases With Incomplete Information and Nulls.
ICDE 1984: 332-340
- Yehoshua Sagiv:
A Characterization of Globally Consistent Databases and Their Correct Access Paths.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 8(2): 266-286(1983)
- David Maier, Jeffrey D. Ullman:
Maximal Objects and the Semantics of Universal Relation Databases.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 8(1): 1-14(1983)
- Janet L. Kolodner:
Indexing and Retrieval Strategies for Natural Language Fact Retrieval.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 8(3): 434-464(1983)
- Joachim Biskup:
A Foundation of Codd's Relational Maybe-Operations.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 8(4): 608-636(1983)
- Anne Verroust:
Characterization of Well-Behaved Database Schemata and Their Update Semantics.
VLDB 1983: 312-321
- Domenico Saccà, Gio Wiederhold:
Database Partitioning in a Cluster of Processors.
VLDB 1983: 242-247
- Ian A. Macleod:
A Model for Integrated Information Systems.
VLDB 1983: 280-289
- Umeshwar Dayal:
Processing Queries Over Generalization Hierarchies in a Multidatabase System.
VLDB 1983: 342-353
- Robert Brown, Douglas Stott Parker Jr.:
LAURA: A Formal Data Model and her Logical Design Methodology.
VLDB 1983: 206-218
- David Beech, J. Samuel Feldman:
The Integrated Data Model: A Database Perspective.
VLDB 1983: 302-304
- Antonio Albano, Maurizio Capaccioli, M. Eugenia Occhiuto, Renzo Orsini:
A Modularization Mechanism for Conceptual Modeling.
VLDB 1983: 232-240
- Stanley Y. W. Su, Shamkant B. Navathe, Don S. Batory:
Logical and Physical Modeling of Statistical Scientific Databases.
SSDBM 1983: 251-263
- Zbigniew Michalewicz:
Statistical Databases: Their Model, Query Language and Security.
SSDBM 1983: 391-402
- Mauro Maier, Claudio Cirilli:
System/K: A Knowledge Base Management System.
SSDBM 1983: 287-294
- G. Barsottini, J. C. Farget:
A Statistical Data Manipulation Language.
SSDBM 1983: 178-186
- Carlo Zaniolo:
The Database Language GEM.
SIGMOD Conference 1983: 207-218
- Peter Honeyman, Edward Sciore:
A New Characterization of Independence.
SIGMOD Conference 1983: 92-96
- Edward Sciore:
Inclusion Dependencies and the Universal Instance.
PODS 1983: 48-57
- John C. Mitchell:
Inference Rules for Functional and Inclusion Dependencies.
PODS 1983: 58-69
- Stavros S. Cosmadakis, Christos H. Papadimitriou:
Updates of Relational Views.
PODS 1983: 317-331
- Peter Ursprung, Carl August Zehnder:
HIQUEL: An Interactive Query Language to Define and Use Hierarchies.
ER 1983: 299-314
- Shuji Nakata, Go Yamazaki:
ISMOS: A System Based on the ER Model and its Application to Database-Oriented Tool Generation.
ER 1983: 467-499
- Ryohei Nakano:
Integrity Checking in a Logic-Oriented ER Model.
ER 1983: 551-564
- Bernard Moulin:
The Use of EPAS/IPSO Approach for Integrating Entity-Relationship Concepts and Software Engineering Techniques.
ER 1983: 671-690
- Robert W. Marti:
Integrating Database and Program Description Using an ER-Data Dictionary.
ER 1983: 377-392
- Leo Mark:
What is the Binary Relationship Approach?
ER 1983: 205-220
- C. Robert Carlson, Adarsh K. Arora:
UPM: A Formal Tool for Expressing Database Update Semantics.
ER 1983: 517-525
- David Maier:
The Theory of Relational Databases.
Computer Science Press 1983, ISBN 0-914894-42-0
Contents - Umeshwar Dayal, Philip A. Bernstein:
On the Correct Translation of Update Operations on Relational Views.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 7(3): 381-416(1982)
- Verónica Dahl:
On Database Systems Development Through Logic.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 7(1): 102-123(1982)
- William Kent:
Choices in Practical Data Design.
VLDB 1982: 165-180
- S. Misbah Deen:
An Implementation of Impure Surrogates.
VLDB 1982: 245-256
- Roger L. Haskin, Raymond A. Lorie:
On Extending the Functions of a Relational Database System.
SIGMOD Conference 1982: 207-212
- F. Antonacci, P. Dell'Orco, A. Turtur:
A Territorial Database Management System (Abstract).
SIGMOD Conference 1982: 213
- Carlo Zaniolo:
Database Relations with Null Values.
PODS 1982: 27-33
- Moshe Y. Vardi:
The Implication and Finite Implication Problems for Typed Template Dependencies.
PODS 1982: 230-238
- David S. Johnson, Anthony C. Klug:
Testing Containment of Conjunctive Queries Under Functional and Inclusion Dependencies.
PODS 1982: 164-169
- Richard Hull, Chee-Keng Yap:
The Format Model: A Theory of Database Organization.
PODS 1982: 205-211
- Marco A. Casanova, Ronald Fagin, Christos H. Papadimitriou:
Inclusion Dependencies and Their Interaction with Functional Dependencies.
PODS 1982: 171-176
- Reind P. van de Riet, Anthony I. Wasserman, Martin L. Kersten, Wiebren de Jonge:
High-Level Programming Features for Improving the Efficiency of a Relational Database System.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 6(3): 464-485(1981)
- Michael Hammer, Dennis McLeod:
Database Description with SDM: A Semantic Database Model.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 6(3): 351-386(1981)
- Ronald Fagin:
A Normal Form for Relational Databases That Is Based on Domians and Keys.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 6(3): 387-415(1981)
- Francis Y. L. Chin, Gultekin Özsoyoglu:
Statistical Database Design.
ACM Trans. Database Syst. 6(1): 113-139(1981)
- Akifumi Makinouchi, Masayoshi Tezuka, Hajime Kitakami, S. Adachi:
The Optimization Strategy for Query Evaluation in RDB/V1.
VLDB 1981: 518-529
- Y. Edmund Lien, Jonathan E. Shopiro, Shalom Tsur:
DSIS - A Database System with Interrelational Semantics.
VLDB 1981: 465-477
- Tomasz Imielinski, Witold Lipski Jr.:
On Representing Incomplete Information in a Relational Data Base.
VLDB 1981: 388-397
- Hervé Gallaire:
Impacts of Logic and Databases (Invited Paper).
VLDB 1981: 248-259
- C. J. Date:
Referential Integrity.
VLDB 1981: 2-12
- Donald D. Chamberlin, A. M. Gilbert, Robert A. Yost:
A History of System R and SQL/Data System (Invited Paper).
VLDB 1981: 456-464
- Stephanie J. Cammarata:
Deferring Updates in a Relational Data Base System.
VLDB 1981: 286-292
- Michael L. Brodie:
On Modelling Behavioural Semantics of Databases.
VLDB 1981: 32-42
- Alexander Borgida, Harry K. T. Wong:
Data Models and Data Manipulation Languages: Complementary Semantics and Proof Theory.
VLDB 1981: 260-271
- Michel E. Adiba:
Derived Relations: A Unified Mechanism for Views, Snapshots, and Distributed Data.
VLDB 1981: 293-305
- Hideto Sato, Ryosuke Hotaka:
For Large Meta Information of National Integrated Statistics.
SSDBM 1981: 206-223
- H. Sato:
Handling Summary Information in a Database: Derivability.
SIGMOD Conference 1981: 98-107
- Yehoshua Sagiv:
Can We Use the Universal Instance Assumption Without Using Nulls?
SIGMOD Conference 1981: 108-120
- David Maier, David Scott Warren:
Incorporating Computed Relations in Relational Databases.
SIGMOD Conference 1981: 176-187
- M. Levin:
Introduction to the DIAM Theory of Algebraic Access Graph.
SIGMOD Conference 1981: 40-48
- Daniel Teichroew, F. Germano, L. Silva:
Applications of the Entity-Relationship Approach.
ER 1981: 1-17
- Manfred R. Klopprogge:
TERM: An Approach to Include Time Dimension in the Entity-Relationship Model.
ER 1981: 473-508
- Michael L. Brodie:
Association: A Database Abstraction for Semantic Modelling.
ER 1981: 577-602
- John Mylopoulos, Harry K. T. Wong:
Some Features of the TAXIS Data Model.
VLDB 1980: 399-410
- Michael Stonebraker, Kenneth Keller:
Embedding Expert Knowledge and Hypothetical Data Bases Into a Data Base System.
SIGMOD Conference 1980: 58-66
- Asuman Dogac, Esen A. Ozkarahan:
A Generalized DBMS Implementation on a Database Machine.
SIGMOD Conference 1980: 133-143
- Eugene Wong, Randy H. Katz:
Logical Design and Schema Conversion for Relational and DBTG Databases.
ER 1979: 311-322
- Daniel Teichroew, P. Macasovic, E. A. Hershey, Y. Yamamoto:
Application of the Entity-Relationship Approach to Information Processing Systems Modelling.
ER 1979: 15-38
- Dennis McLeod, Roger King:
Applying a Semantic Data Model.
ER 1979: 193-210
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